MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP

Educational Consultancy License in Nepal

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Fri, 25 Sep 2026 12:25:43 +0000

Educational Consultancy License in Nepal: New Rules, 2083

Operating an educational consultancy in Nepal requires compliance with the licensing requirements prescribed by the Government of Nepal. The Educational Counselling, Language Teaching and Preparatory Classes (Operation and Management) Rules, 2083 (“Rules”) establish the legal framework for the operation, licensing, regulation, and supervision of educational consultancy services in Nepal. The Rules were framed under the Education Act, 2028 and published in the Nepal Gazette on 2083/03/25.

Under the Rules, educational counselling service generally refers means advice, suggestions or counselling given on matters including the courses, the required duration of study, the applicable fees, and the procedure to be followed for admission, relating to higher education study abroad. This guide provides an overview of the key legal requirements for obtaining and maintaining an Educational Consultancy License in Nepal.

1. Mandatory Requirement of Educational Consultancy License in Nepal:

Any entity that wants to provide educational counselling services must obtain an Educational Consultancy License from the federal Ministry.

2. Process to obtaining an Educational Consultancy License in Nepal

The same process applies to the main office and to any additional branches.

i. Submission of an Application: Submit the application, with the required documents, to the Ministry.

ii. Verification: The Ministry verifies the application and supporting details.

iii. Pay fees and deposit the bank guarantee: The applicant pays the government license fee and submits the required bank guarantee, after which the license is issued.

iv. Commencement of the Educational Consultancy: The license holder must begin business within 3 months of receiving the license.

3. Information and documents required for an educational consultancy license

Following information and documents are required to apply for the license of educational consultancy license:

a. Application stating the institution’s name in Nepali and English, its address and the place where services will be provided; details of the services to be offered (educational counselling); registration number, date and registering authority, plus VAT registration details; address, contact information, citizenship and shareholding of the promoter; qualifications, training and experience of the Counsellor; details of any foreign institution represented; premises details; and objectives of the institution;

b. Certified copy of the promoter’s citizenship certificate;

c. Company Incorporation Certificate, Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA);

d. Latest tax clearance certificate;

e. Partnership deed (if the applicant is a partnership firm); and

f. Consent of any other authority, if required.

4. Fees and Bank Guarantee

Particulars	Amount (NPR)
Obtaining the license
Security deposit (bank guarantee)	25,00,000
Additional deposit per extra branch	25,00,000
License fee	50,000
License fee per extra branch	20,000
Renewal of the license
Renewal fee	25,000
Renewal fee per extra branch	20,000
Fine for late renewal (within 3 months after expiry)	10,000

5. Validity and Renewal of the License

The license is valid for 1 year.
Renewal must be applied for at least 1 month before expiry.
If expiry date is missed, the holder may still apply within 3 months after expiry by paying a fine of NPR 10,000.
If no renewal application is filed within that period, the license is automatically cancelled, and the Ministry publishes a notice on its website and in a national daily newspaper.

6. Qualification of the Educational Counsellors

Every licensed educational consultancy in Nepal must appoint a consultant to counsel students. The consultant must:

hold at least a bachelor’s degree;
have completed educational consultancy training from a university, college, recognized training institution or diplomatic mission; and
if a foreign national, have the permission required under prevailing law.

Minimum Standards for an Educational Consultancy

Every licensed consultancy must meet the following standards:

Its own office building, or a rental agreement for at least three years
An email address, website and telephone line
A location accessible by fire engine and ambulance
Rooms with good natural light and cross-ventilation, or a climate-adapted design
An earthquake-resistant building
Fire-fighting equipment installed in the building
Separate rooms for administrative work
Disability-friendly building and facilities
Free, clean drinking water
A library with reference materials, subject journals, magazines and newspapers, and adequate study space
Classroom furniture for sitting and study
Internet access that students can use easily

Note: Institutions licensed before the Rules came into force that do not meet these standards must comply and submit details to the Ministry within 1 year of the Rules’ commencement.

8. Terms and Conditions for Licensed Consultancies

A licensed educational consultancy must:

Provide clear and complete information about its services.
Offer only the services covered by its license.
Ensure instructors hold a bachelor’s degree and the required training.
Conduct seminars, conferences and workshops through subject-matter experts.
Publish and keep its service fees updated on its website.
Submit agreements or MOUs with foreign educational institutions to the Ministry on request.
Pay foreign educational institutions through banking channels only after a No Objection Letter is issued.
Display a citizens’ charter showing registration, license and VAT/PAN details, services and fees.
Keep records of students sent abroad for higher education.
Provide online counselling and support to students already studying abroad.
Charge consistent fees for similar services and issue bills, receipts and payment records.
Give students copies of documents submitted to foreign institutions on their behalf.
Provide information and help on accommodation, insurance, ticketing, visas and other non-academic matters.
Remain domestically owned, or transfer any foreign-owned interest to domestic ownership within one year.
Collect only certified copies of required documents.
Ensure partner foreign institutions are legally established, accredited, quality-assured and authorized to enroll international students.
Obtain a valid tax clearance certificate every year.
Issue VAT invoices for all service fees.
Deposit all service fees into a bank account; cash payments are prohibited.
Maintain a grievance-handling mechanism for students studying abroad.

9. Requirement of the written Agreement with Students

A consultancy may begin work for a student only after signing a written agreement that discloses:

Term and Condition	Clause
Counselling fee	The fee charged to the student or guardian
Foreign institution	Its authorization, minimum qualifications and admission conditions, level of admission, study duration and subjects taught
Facilities	Scholarships, library, laboratory, accommodation and research opportunities
Fees during study	All fees payable during the study period and how they are paid
Completion	The certificate awarded, its equivalence, conditions to be met and prerequisites for admission
Refund	How any money collected from the student will be refunded

10. Compliances after getting the License

Begin operations within 3 months of licensing.
Renew the license on time every year.
File an annual work report within 6 months of the end of each fiscal year.
Conduct all financial transactions through digital channels.
Have accounts audited every fiscal year under prevailing law.
Report quarterly on students sent abroad, fees paid to foreign institutions, and any income received (or not received) from those institutions.
Maintain the standards set by the Rules.
Employ only qualified counsellors, with approval from the relevant authority for foreign counsellors.
Enter data into the Ministry’s electronic system, including institution details, students served, university partnerships and itemized fees.
Follow the Ministry’s directions on operation and management.
Compensate students who are left stranded because of the consultancy’s advice or whose foreign institution is found to be illegal. No compensation is due where the problem was caused by the student’s own fault.

11. Grounds for Cancellation of the License

The Ministry may cancel the license and forfeit the security deposit if the consultancy:

operates without renewal or after its registration has been cancelled;
sends students to a country, subject or level not opened by the Government;
fails to keep transparent, bank-based financial records, accepts unauthorized payments or benefits from institutions for student referrals, gives misleading counselling, or otherwise jeopardizes students’ study-abroad opportunities;
fails to rescue and support students when services differ from what was promised or the institution is declared illegal;
financially exploits or defrauds prospective students;
engages in misleading or unlawful promotion, spreads false information, or carries out unauthorized activities in another’s name;
has its institutional registration revoked; or
fails to file tax details or obtain tax clearance certificates regularly.

12. Transitional Provisions

Consultancies licensed by a province or local level:

These must apply to the Ministry within 3 months of the Rules coming into force, which, counting from the gazette date of 2083/03/25. The Ministry may allow the license to continue if the consultancy meets the prescribed standards and will notify the relevant province and local level. Until then, such a consultancy may operate only within the province or local level named in its license.

Pending applications:

Applications submitted to the Ministry before 2075/04/14 that are still awaiting a decision will be inspected, and a license granted if they meet the standards in the Rules.

Real Estate License in Nepal

Who needs an Educational Consultancy License in Nepal?

Any entity that advises students on studying abroad, including destinations, course duration, fees or admissions.

Who issues the license?

Only the federal Ministry of Education and Sports. Provinces and local levels cannot issue licenses for educational counselling.

How much is the bank guarantee?

NPR 25,00,000 for the main office, plus NPR 25,00,000 for each additional branch.

How long is the license valid?

One year, renewable annually.

Is foreign investment allowed in an educational consultancy in Nepal?

No. Existing foreign ownership must be transferred to domestic ownership within one year.

Can a consultancy accept cash payments from students?

No. All service fees must be deposited into a bank account and transactions must be carried out digitally.

Direct Selling License in Nepal

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Fri, 25 Sep 2026 11:54:19 +0000

Obtaining Direct Selling License in Nepal

1. Introduction

Under Nepali law, direct selling and distribution of goods in Nepal refers to the act of a company selling or distributing goods, sourced from a manufacturing company or a distribution company, directly to consumers.

To protect the rights and interests of general consumers, the law regulates businesses engaged in the direct sale or distribution of goods and seeks to make them reliable, transparent and competitive. This framework is set out in three key instruments:

i. Direct Sales of Goods (Management and Regulation) Act, 2074 (2017);

ii. Direct Sales of Goods (Management and Regulation) Rules, 2076 (2019); and

iii. Direct Sales of Goods Directives, 2078 (2021).

2. Governing Authority

The direct selling of goods in Nepal is governed by the Department of Commerce, Supplies and Consumer Protection (the “DOCSCP”).

3. Mandatory Requirement of a License

Any company intends to carry on the business of selling or distributing goods, sourced from a manufacturing company or a distribution company, directly to consumers must obtain a Direct Selling License in Nepal.

4. Process of Obtaining a Direct Selling License in Nepal

To obtain Direct Selling License in Nepal following process should be followed:

4.1 Before Filing the Application for the Direct Selling License in Nepal

The company must first complete the following steps:

Register the company with the Office of the Company Registrar;
Complete tax registration at the Inland Revenue Office;
Register the company with the respective Local Government, i.e. the Ward Office;
Open a bank account and inject the investment into it;
Obtain the shareholder registry from the Office of the Company Registrar;
Register the company with the DOCSCP;

4.2 Filing the Application for the License

Once the preliminary steps are complete, the application proceeds as follows:

Submit the application for the Direct Selling License to the DOCSCP, along with the required documents;
The DOCSCP reviews the submitted documents before providing the Direct Selling License;
The applicant company required to give a presentation before the DOCSCP;
The applicant pays the government fee and deposits the bank guarantee; and
The DOCSCP grants the license within 90 days of receiving the application.

5. Requirements for a Direct Selling License in Nepal

5.1 Capital Requirement

The company applying for the Direct Selling license must have a paid-up capital of at least NPR 1,00,00,000 (Nepalese Rupees One Crore).

5.2 Physical Infrastructure Requirement

The licensee must:

i. establish the required sales units before starting the direct sale or distribution business;

ii. maintain adequate physical infrastructure, appropriate to the nature of the goods, to ensure their quality during storage and to prevent adverse impacts on public health and the environment;

iii. establish business software and information technology systems for the transparent and proper recording of direct sales and distribution transactions;

iv. ensure that the business software, IT systems and related infrastructure used for direct selling remain under the licensee’s control;

v. use software approved by the Inland Revenue Department (IRD) for electronic billing; and

vi. maintain backups of its business software and database at two separate locations within Nepal to ensure data security and continuity.

Note: The DOCSCP may inspect the licensee’s infrastructure to verify compliance. If the required infrastructure is found inadequate, the DOCSCP may order the licensee to establish or rectify it within a prescribed period not exceeding three months. In addition, upon request by the DOCSCP, the licensee must provide administrative view access to the business software used for its operations.

5.3 Commission, Bonus, Service Fees and Facilities

A licensee engaged in direct selling or distribution must comply with the following requirements regarding payments to its sellers or distributors:

i. Ceiling of 42%: The total amount payable to the company’s sellers or distributors as service fees, facilities, commissions or bonuses must not exceed 42% of the selling price of the goods directly sold or distributed.

ii. Tax deduction: The licensee must deduct the applicable taxes under prevailing law from the amount payable and pay the remaining amount to the seller or distributor.

5.4 Sale or Distribution of Domestic and Foreign Goods

i. The licensee must sell or distribute at least 50% domestic products. This requirement does not apply to products that are not produced in Nepal.

ii. Where similar goods are produced in Nepal, a licensee selling or distributing foreign goods must also sell or distribute domestic goods worth at least 50% of the value of those foreign goods.

iii. The licensee must clearly disclose the quantity and value of the domestic and foreign goods sold or distributed, along with the related inventory, ensuring that domestic goods make up at least 50% of the total transaction value.

iv. Where the relevant goods are not produced in Nepal, the licensee must submit a self-declaration and supporting evidence, including a Certificate of Origin. In the absence of such certification, the DOCSCP may publish a 15-day public notice at the applicant’s cost. If the goods are later found to be produced in Nepal, their sale or distribution will be subject to the requirements applicable to domestic goods.

5.5 Insurance

The licensee must obtain insurance for its direct sale or distribution business.

5.6 Training for Direct Sellers or Distributors

Before engaging direct sellers or distributors in the business, the licensee must provide them with orientation training covering:

1. direct selling laws;

2. prevailing legal provisions on consumer rights, compliance with them, and the duties and obligations of the licensee, direct seller or distributor in protecting consumer interests;

3. the functions, duties and powers of the licensee and of the direct seller or distributor of goods;

4. the quality of the goods to be directly sold or distributed and the method of their use;

5. the services and facilities available to the direct seller or distributor; and

6. the policies, procedures and standards implemented from time to time by the Government of Nepal regarding the direct sale or distribution of goods.

5.7 Consumer Awareness Programs

The licensee must conduct awareness programs from time to time on the goods subject to direct sale or distribution, covering the following matters:

i. legal provisions concerning the direct sale or distribution of goods;

ii. provisions on consumer rights under prevailing Nepalese law;

iii. the functions, duties, responsibilities and liabilities of the licensee and the direct seller or distributor towards consumers; and

iv. Procedures for seeking redress if the licensee, direct seller or distributor acts against the interests of consumers.

In addition, the licensee must, as necessary, broadcast or publish awareness-raising advertisements approved by the DOCSCP on local FM radio, television and in newspapers to raise consumer awareness.

5.8 Social Security Arrangements

Subject to the approval of its Board of Directors, the licensee must make social security arrangements by enrolling its employees, representatives, and direct sellers or distributors of goods in social security.

5.9 Transactions via Electronic Platform

The licensee must use an electronic platform to place or accept orders for goods and to make or receive payments when conducting transactions.

5.10 Submission of Agreements to the DOCSCP

The licensee must submit a copy of each agreement entered into with a direct seller or distributor of goods to the DOCSCP within seven days from the date of the agreement.
If the submitted agreement does not clearly set out the matters required under prevailing law, the DOCSCP may order the licensee to resubmit it, with the necessary details clearly specified, within seven days.

6. Goods Not Eligible for Direct Selling or Distribution

A Direct Selling or Distribution License cannot be obtained for the following goods:

i. medicines that, under prevailing law, may be sold only on a doctor’s prescription;

ii. alcohol, tobacco products and other goods that may adversely affect consumers’ health;

iii. goods claimed to have magical, supernatural or fictitious powers, including tantra- and mantra-related products, without scientific evidence;

iv. goods whose trademarks are not registered; and

v. other goods prohibited by prevailing law, or whose export, import, direct sale or distribution has been prohibited by the Government of Nepal through a notice published in the Nepal Gazette.

7. Documents Required For Obtaining Direct Selling License in Nepal

The following documents must accompany the application for a Direct Selling License:

Application
Notarized copy of the Company Registration Certificate
Notarized copy of the company’s Memorandum of Association (MOA)
Notarized copy of the company’s Articles of Association (AOA)
Notarized updated company letter
Notarized PAN and VAT Registration Certificate
Notarized latest Tax Clearance Certificate
Business proposal and a copy of the board resolution
Separate lists of domestically and internationally sourced goods
For goods not produced in Nepal: self-declaration, recommendation letter, public notice and Certificate of Origin, as applicable
Notarized copy of the trademark registration certificate of the goods
Commitment letter from the industry or company producing the goods, confirming their supply
Clear addresses of the sales units, including the respective local government and ward
Number of sellers or distributors
Notarized copies of the directors’ Nepali citizenship certificates
Self-declaration that the directors are not blacklisted
Documents showing the status of the business software, company office, sales units, warehouses and other physical infrastructure
Agreement letter with the sellers or distributors

8. Responsibilities of the Licensee

The licensee must observe the following responsibilities:

i. It must not sell goods in packages that create unlimited liability for the buyer.

ii. It must not force consumers to buy a fixed quantity of goods in order to receive bonuses or commissions.

iii. It must allow consumers to buy goods separately, according to their choice.

iv. It must actually sell or distribute goods, rather than merely appointing direct sellers or distributors.

v. It must not produce, promote, sell or distribute goods that may harm consumers’ health.

vi. It must also comply with other conditions prescribed by law.

9. Validity and Renewal of the License

Validity	Renewal	Cancellation
The license is valid for 2 years.	The licensee must apply for renewal 60 (sixty) days before the license expires.	If the license is not renewed before expiry, it is automatically cancelled.
The license is valid for 2 years.	Late applications are accepted up to 15 (fifteen) days before expiry, at double the fee.

10. Government Fees and Bank Guarantee

The government fees and bank guarantee are as follows:

Stage	Particulars	Amount
On obtaining the license	License fee	0.2% of the paid-up capital
On obtaining the license	Bank guarantee (must remain valid for 3 months beyond the license period)	50% of the paid-up capital
On renewal	Renewal fee, if applied 60 days before expiry	0.2% of the paid-up capital
	Renewal fee, if applied 15 days before expiry	0.4% of the paid-up capital
	Renewed bank guarantee	50% of the paid-up capital

11. Transfer or Change of Ownership

A licensee wishing to transfer or change the ownership or liability of the company must submit an application to the DOCSCP for approval, clearly stating the grounds and reasons.
The DOCSCP may then grant approval for the transfer or change of the company’s ownership or liability.

12. Prohibition on Pyramid-Based Schemes

No one may run a pyramid-based business in Nepal. Such schemes typically involve:

i. requiring mandatory subscription or payment before products can be purchased;

ii. forcing members to purchase additional products or expensive packages;

iii. making benefits or returns dependent on recruiting new members or distributors;

iv. collecting fees solely for recruitment, without any actual sale or distribution of goods;

v. recruiting members through unrealistic gifts, commissions or promises of high returns to encourage product purchases;

vi. using a business model that discourages genuine retail sales of products; and

vii. Promoting products with false or supernatural claims, including claims of curing medically incurable diseases.

Vehicle Assembly Business in Nepal through Foreign Direct Investment

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Wed, 09 Sep 2026 11:14:23 +0000

Vehicle Assembly Business in Nepal through Foreign Direct Investment ("FDI")

Nepal offers a growing opportunity for foreign investors in motor vehicle assembly. Investors may establish assembly business using Semi-Knocked-Down (“SKD”) or Completely-Knocked-Down (“CKD”) components, with scope to progressively increase local value addition and manufacturing capacity.

This article outlines the legal framework, business models, FDI requirements, and approval process for establishing a vehicle assembly business in Nepal through FDI.

1. Governing Laws for Vehicle Assembly Business in Nepal

The major laws governing the establishment and operation of a vehicle assembly business through FDI include:

Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act, 2019 (2075) and Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Regulation, 2020 (2077);
Industrial Enterprises Act, 2020 (2076) and Industrial Enterprises Rules, 2022 (2078);
Companies Act, 2006 (2063);
Environment Protection Act, 2019 (2076) and Environment Protection Rules, 2020 (2077);
Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act, 1962 (2019);
Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act, 1993 (2050) and Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Rules, 1997 (2054).

2. Procedure for Establishing a Vehicle Assembly Business in Nepal

The general process for establishing a vehicle assembly business through FDI is as follows:

Step 1: Obtain FDI approval from the Department of Industry (“DOI”) or Investment Board of Nepal (“IBN”), depending on the investment amount.

Step 2: Incorporate the company with the Office of the Company Registrar (“OCR”).

Step 3: Obtain business registration from the relevant local authority.

Step 4: Obtain PAN/VAT registration, as applicable.

Step 5: Register the industry with the DOI.

Step 6: Open a local bank account in the name of the company.

Step 7: Complete the required notification with Nepal Rastra Bank (“NRB”) before remitting the foreign investment.

Step 8: Remit the approved foreign investment, obtain share registry certificate, and record the foreign investment with NRB.

Step 9: Obtain the required environmental approval based on the nature and scale of the project.

Step 10: Obtain an EXIM Code from the Office of Customs.

Step 11: Import machinery, equipment, raw materials, SKD/CKD components and other required materials.

Step 12: Establish the assembly facility and commence production.

Step 13: Obtain Road Worthiness Certification.

Step 14: Register the vehicles and obtain the Vehicle Registration Certificate.

3. Key Conditions for Vehicle Assembly Industry in Nepal

The vehicle assembly industry may be subject to fulfill following requirements:

i. Domestic value addition:

At least 10% in the first year, increasing to at least 30% by the end of five years.

ii. Employment:

At least 50 direct employees in the first year, increasing to at least 200 direct employees within five years.

iii. Domestic material content:

At least 10% domestic material content within five years, where applicable.

iv. Environmental and safety compliance:

The project may be subject to examination and approval relating to environmental protection, vehicle safety and technical standards.

4. Minimum Capital Requirement

The general minimum threshold for foreign investment approval is NPR 20 million per foreign investor, subject to applicable sector-specific requirements and exemptions.

5. Timeline for Establishment

Subject to the completeness of documents and the relevant regulatory approvals, the initial company incorporation and regulatory approval process may generally take approx.. 1 to 2 months.

However, establishment of the actual assembly facility will require additional time for factory arrangements, environmental approval, importation and installation of machinery, testing, vehicle certification and commencement of production.

Minimum Remuneration in Nepal

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Mon, 07 Sep 2026 08:34:18 +0000

Minimum Remuneration in Nepal: Minimum Wage in Nepal | Minimum Basic Salary in Nepal (2082–2084)

As per the Labor Act, 2074, the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security (formerly named the Ministry of Youth, Labor and Employment (“the Ministry”) is required to fix the minimum remuneration of labors every two years. The Ministry has published a notice revising the minimum salary structure, effective from 1 Shrawan 2082, remain in effect until the end of Ashar 2084.

Minimum remuneration in Nepal for labors other than tea-estate labors

The minimum remuneration fixed by the Government of Nepal, excluding tea-estate labors, effective from 1 Shrawan 2082 to the end of Ashar 2084, is as follows:

Minimum wage	Basic remuneration (NPR)	Dearness allowance (NPR)	Total (NPR)
Monthly	12,170	7,380	19,550
Daily	470	287	754
Per hour	63	38	101
Part time per hour	–	–	107

2. Minimum remuneration for labors employed at tea estates

Minimum Remuneration	Basic remuneration (NPR)	Dearness allowance (NPR)	Total (NPR)
Monthly	8,934	4,959	13,893
Daily	323	177	500
Per hour	43	23	66
Daily allowance for labors working in tea estate or factories including foremen (Sardar), supervisor (Naike) and watchman (Chaukidar)	–	–	63

3. Remuneration Increment and time interval.

Any labor who has completed one year of service period shall be entitled to an annual increment in remuneration in an amount equal to at least half a day remuneration based on the monthly basic remuneration to which the labor is entitled.

4. Calculation of the Basic Remuneration:

The basic remuneration of a labor engaged in worked-based shall be equal to sixty percent of the average monthly remuneration earned by the labor over the preceding three months, and this amount shall not be less than the minimum remuneration fixed by the Government of Nepal.

If the basic remuneration for a particular employment has not been separately determined, an amount equal to sixty percent of the remuneration ordinarily earned by the labor in that employment shall be treated as the basic remuneration.

Adoption Process in Nepal by Nepali Nationality

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Mon, 07 Sep 2026 08:18:12 +0000

Child Adoption Process in Nepal by Nepali Nationality

Introduction

Adoption is a legal process in which if someone takes another person’s son or daughter as their own, that child shall be deemed an adopted son or daughter. Adoption must be effected in a manner that protects the best rights and interests of the child. The governing authority for adoption is the District Court of Nepal. This document sets out the adoption process in Nepal by the Nepali Nationality.

2. Governing Laws

Adoption in Nepal is governed by the National Civil Code, 2074 and the Muluki Civil Procedure Rules, 2075.

3. Eligibility of the Adopter

A person is eligible to adopt a child if they fall into one of the following categories:

(a) A married couple who have not had a son or daughter even after 10 years of marriage.

(b) An unmarried woman, widow, divorcee, or judicially separated woman who has attained the age of 45 years and has no son or daughter.

(c) An unmarried man, widower, divorcee, or judicially separated man who has attained the age of 45 years and has no son or daughter.

(d) A person who already has a biological son or daughter may adopt another child if the Court finds that the adopter has reasonable financial capacity to provide for the child’s maintenance, health care, education, and care.

4. Non-Eligibility of the Adopter

A person is not eligible to adopt a child in the following circumstances:

(a) A person who already has a son may not adopt a son, and a person who already has a daughter may not adopt a daughter except where the existing child does not live with the adopter due to judicial separation, in which case the adopter may adopt a son or a daughter.

(b) A person who is not of sound mind.

(d) A person who does not have the financial capacity to afford the maintenance, health care, education, sports facilities, entertainment, and care of the minor.

5. Eligibility of the Adoptee

A child is eligible to be adopted subject to the following conditions:

(a) The adoptee must not have completed 14 years of age, except where the adoptee is within three generations of relation to the adopter, or is a son or daughter born to the ex-husband of the wife, in which case the person may be adopted even after completing 14 years of age.

(b) The adoptee must not be only son or daughter, except adoption of a adoptee whose father and mother are not traced or surviving or a child whose father and mother are surviving but who has been maintained or cared by a person or organization following the conclusion of another marriage either by his or her father or mother may be effected by obtaining written consent of the person or organization so maintaining or caring the child.

(c) The adoptee must not have been previously adopted as a son or daughter, unless that earlier adoption has been annulled according to law.

(d) The adoptee must not be in a higher degree of relationship than the person adopting.

(e) The adoptee must be a citizen of Nepal, including a non-resident Nepali citizen who has obtained foreign citizenship may still be adopted.

6. Joint Eligibility of Adopter and Adoptee

The age difference between the adopter and the adoptee must be at least 25 years, except in the case of adoption of a person within three generations of relation.

7. Consent Required for Adoption

7.1. Consent from the Adopter’s Side:

A husband or wife living in a joint family must obtain each other’s consent before adopting.

7.2. Consent from the Adoptee’s Side

(a) The adopter must obtain the written consent of both the father and mother of the child, if both are surviving; or of the surviving father or mother, if only one is surviving.

(b) Where the father and mother are separated due to dissolution of marriage or judicial separation, and the child lives with one parent under the terms of that separation, the adopter must obtain the consent of the parent with whom the child has been living.

(c) Where the child’s father and mother cannot be traced or are not surviving, or where a surviving parent has placed the child in the care of another person or organization following another marriage, adoption may proceed with the written consent of that caring person or organization.

(d) If the adoptee is above 10 years of age, the child’s own written consent is required, given in the presence of their father, mother, guardian, or curator exercising parental authority.

8. Process of Child Adoption in Nepal by Nepali Nationality

Step 1: Information is provided to the person placing the child for adoption, the guardian or curator, and the child, explaining the meaning, legal status, and consequences of adoption.

Step 2: The required written consents are obtained from the father, mother, or the person or organization caring for the child, and, where the adoptee is above 10 years of age, from the child as well.

Step 3: The Adoption Deed is prepared.

Step 4: Obtaining required recommendation letter from the concerned authorities and police report of the adopter.

Step 5: An application is filed with the District Court of the adopter’s residence.

Step 6: The Court reviews the submitted documents, including evidence of the adopter’s financial capacity.

Step 7: The Court grants permission for the adoption.

9. Document Requirements

The following documents are generally required for the adoption process:

Copy of the citizenship of the adopter.
Copy of the birth certificate or citizenship of the adoptee.
Consent letter of the adopting parent(s) or adopter.
Consent letter of the adoptee child (if above 10 years of age).
Consent letter of the adoptee’s father, mother, guardian, or curator exercising parental authority.
Documents evidencing the adopter’s financial status, including movable or immovable property.
Recommendation letter for adoption from the adopter’s concerned ward.
Passport-sized photographs (3 copies each) of the adopter, the adoptee, and the child’s parents.
The Adoption Deed.
Copies of the citizenship of two witnesses.
A recent, notarized police report of the adopter.
Marriage registration certificate of the adopting husband and wife.
Documentation regarding the adopter’s inability to have, or lack of, a child.
Document verifying the relationship between the family members of the adoptee.

10. Entitlements and Rights of an Adoptee

(a) An adopted son or daughter holds the same entitlements, rights, obligations, and responsibilities as a biological son or daughter of the adoptive parent.

(b) An adopted son or daughter may use the surname of either or both adoptive parents, or of their biological father or mother.

11. Obligations of the Adopter

(a) To arrange for the maintenance, health care, sports, entertainment, and proper education of the adoptee, according to the adopter’s reputation and financial capacity, as if the adoptee were their biological child.

(b) To protect the rights and interests of the adoptee.

(c) To provide the adoptee with the opportunity to visit and correspond with their biological father and mother from time to time.

12. Obligations of the Adoptee

(a) To arrange for the maintenance, health care, and care of the adoptive parent, according to the adoptee’s reputation and capacity, as if that person were their natural father or mother.

(b) To protect, look after, and properly manage the property of the adoptive parent.

Real Estate License in Nepal

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Mon, 07 Sep 2026 07:58:13 +0000

Real Estate License in Nepal | Nepal Real Estate License Requirements for House & Land Transaction Service Providers

A. Introduction

In Nepal, carrying out a real estate transaction requires a real estate license. Pursuant to the governing laws of Nepal, a “real estate transaction” means mean the act of assisting, whether for a fee or without a fee, in the purchase or sale of someone’s house or land other than a purchase and sale carried out through mutual agreement between natural persons, providing consultation to a person purchasing or selling such house or land, or otherwise providing services in that regard on a professional or commercial basis in any other manner. This article outlines the process for obtaining a real estate license in Nepal.

B. Governing Authority

The governing authority responsible for issuing real estate licenses is the Department of Land Management and Archive (“DOLMA”).

C. Governing Laws

The laws governing real estate licensing in Nepal are as follows:

S.N.	Governing Laws
1.	The Land Revenue Act, 2034
2.	The Land Revenue Regulation, 2036

D. Procedure for Obtaining a Real Estate License in Nepal

To obtain a real estate license, the following procedure must be followed:

i. Application submission

Prepare the required documents and submit the application, along with required documents, to DOLMA for the license.

ii. LRIMS approval:

Obtain approval for the Land Service Centre to conduct real estate transactions through the Land Records Information Management System (“LRIMS”), or use the LRIMS of another real estate license holder.

iii. Review and issuance:

DOLMA examines the application, and if it meets the requirements, issues the real estate license.

E. Required Information and Documents

The following information and documents are required to obtain a real estate license:

i. Areas in which the real estate transaction is intended to be carried out

ii. Certificate of Incorporation of the company or firm

iii. Memorandum of Association (“MOA”) and Articles of Association (“AOA”)

iv. Share Registry Certificate

v. PAN Registration Certificate

vi. Latest Tax Clearance Certificate

vii. Detailed Project Proposal

viii. Board Resolution

ix. Website, email, and contact number of the applicant

x. Obtaining Police clearance Letter from Central Crime Record Bureau of Nepal Police

F. Real Estate License Fee

The license fee depends on the transaction limit permitted under the license at a time:

Types of License	License Fee
License to transact real estate of upto NPR 5 crores at a time	NPR 5,00,000
License to transact real estate of more than NPR 5 crores at a time	NPR 10,00,000

G. Renewal and Renewal Fee

A real estate license is valid for 5 years and must be renewed at least 35 days prior to expiry. The renewal fees are as follows:

Types of License	Renewal Fee
License to transact real estate of upto NPR 5 crores at a time	NPR 4,00,000
License to transact real estate of more than NPR 5 crores at a time	NPR 8,00,000

A licensee who is unable to renew the license within the period specified above may still renew it within 90 days from the date of expiry, subject to an additional fee of NPR 50,000 on top of the renewal fee stated above.

H. Grounds for Revocation of the Real Estate License

DOLMA may revoke a real estate license at any time under the following circumstances:

The license was obtained by submitting false information
The conditions specified at the time of issuing the license have been violated

Directions issued by DOLMA have been violated

The license has not been renewed

I. Offenses and Penalties

Offense type	Punishment
If anyone conducts a real estate transaction without obtaining a license, and the transacted amount of the transaction is ascertained	Fine based on the transacted amount (bigo)
If anyone conducts a real estate transaction without obtaining a license, and the transacted amount (bigo) is not ascertained	Fine of up to twenty-five lakh rupees, or imprisonment for up to six months, or both
If a licensed person conducts a real estate transaction in violation of this Act, the rules framed under this Act, or the conditions attached at the time of granting the license, and the transacted amount (bigo) is ascertained	Fine based on the disputed amount (bigo)
If a licensed person conducts a real estate transaction in violation of this Act, the rules framed under this Act, or the conditions attached at the time of granting the license, and the disputed amount (bigo) is not ascertained	Fine of up to ten lakh rupees

Registering of Foreign Patent in Nepal

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Tue, 11 Aug 2026 14:10:55 +0000

Registering of Foreign Patent in Nepal

1. Background

Registration of the Foreign Patent in Nepal is permissible for entities, including individuals, firms, and companies, whose patents are already registered in foreign countries. The Department of Industry (“DOI“) is the designated authority responsible for the registration of the patents.

2. Process of Registration of Patent:

The process of registration of the Patent are mentioned below:

1. Application for acquiring right over the Patent:

A person desirous of having any patent registered in his/her name shall submit an application in the prescribed format and fees for an application to the DOI.

2. Investigation by the DOI:

Upon the receipt of an application submitted the DOI shall conduct all investigation or study to ascertain whether the patent investigations in the application is a new invention or not, and whether it is useful to the general public or not. Also, as a matter of practice, DOI may request for the presentation regarding the proposed Patent for an applicant.

3. Registration of the Patent and publishing:

Upon investigation, DOI decide whether or not to register such patent. If the Patent is qualified for the registration, the DOI publish for the information of the public.

4. Opposition Period:

In case anyone has any objection to such published patent, one may file a complaint with the DOI within a period of 35 days from the date of publishing. In case any complaint is received, the DOI shall take necessary Action after conducting inquiries.

5. Obtaining the Certificate

If any objections are not received and the DOI found the patent application is patentable, the applicant shall obtain the certificate of the Patent. The registration fee has to be paid.

3. Term and Renewal

The title of the patentee to the patent shall be valid only for a period of 7 (seven) years from the date of registration.

The patent may be renewed not more than twice for a period of 7 years. The patent holder shall renew the patent within a period of 35 days from the date of the expiry of the term. Renewal may be made by paying a fine of NPR. 1000 (Approx. 8 USD) within six months after the expiry of the term. In case it is not so renewed registration of the patent shall automatically cancelled.

4. The Documents required for the registration of the Patent:

The following documents are required to be submitted for the registration of patent along with the application:

Application Form;
Notarized Power of Attorney signed by the applicant sealed and attested by two witnesses;
Notarized Copy of specification and claims including the nature of invention;
Notarized/Certified Copy of Filing Receipt or Application in the English Language in case of priority claims;
Notarized/Certified Copy of Home Registration Certificate of Patent in the English Language.

5. Government and Legal Service Fee:

Government and legal service fees for the patent-related service for a single patent are as mentioned:

S.N.	Description	Government fee (NPR)
1.	Application fee Application fee with Priority claim	2,000 2,000
2.	Amendment in the application	500
3.	Registration fee	10,000
4.	Transfer of ownership	5,000
5.	Record amendment and endorsement in registration certificate	2,000
6.	Renewal fee for the first term	5,000
7.	Renewal fee for the second term	7,500
8.	Search	750
9.	Duplication of the registration certificate	1,000

Registration of Foreign Trademark in Nepal

Intellectual Property Law in Nepal

Online Harassment and Cyberbullying Law in Nepal

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 13:15:04 +0000

Online Harassment and Cyberbullying Law in Nepal | Cybercrime Laws in Nepal

This guide covers Nepal’s laws on online harassment and cyberbullying law in Nepal and related crimes. It outlines the penalties, explains how to report incidents, and highlights the legal remedies available to victims. It also details the types of evidence needed to support a complaint and strengthen a legal case.

Introduction to Online Harassment and Cyberbullying Law in Nepal

The rapid growth of social media, messaging platforms, online gaming, and digital communication has significantly increased the number of cyber harassment cases in Nepal. Individuals now face threats, abusive messages, fake social media accounts, revenge posts, identity theft, online stalking, and cyberbullying more frequently than ever before.

Many victims remain unaware that online harassment is not merely unethical it can also amount to a criminal offence under Nepalese law.

Whether the abuse occurs on Facebook, TikTok, Instagram, Messenger, WhatsApp, X (Twitter), LinkedIn, YouTube, Telegram, or through email, Nepal’s cyber laws provide legal mechanisms to protect victims and prosecute offenders.

What is Online Harassment?

Online harassment refers to repeated or intentional harmful behaviour carried out through digital platforms to intimidate, threaten, humiliate, blackmail, or emotionally distress another person.

It includes unwanted digital communication that causes fear, embarrassment, emotional suffering, or reputational harm.

Examples includes:

Sending threatening messages
Continuous abusive texts
Sexual harassment online
Sharing private photographs
Publishing false allegations
Fake social media profiles
Cyberstalking
Online intimidation
Revenge pornography
Doxxing (publishing private information)
Identity impersonation
Public humiliation on social media
Hate speech
Anonymous online abuse

What is Cyberbullying?

Cyberbullying is a form of online harassment involving repeated abusive behaviour using electronic communication.

Unlike ordinary disagreements online, cyberbullying generally involves continuous attacks designed to cause emotional, psychological, or reputational damage.

Common examples include:

School bullying through social media
Workplace bullying
Fake rumours
Body shaming
Public humiliation
Meme harassment
Group trolling
Repeated insults
Threats of violence
Sharing edited images
Fake screenshots
Character assassination

Online Harassment & Bullying in Nepal

Online harassment in Nepal has increased alongside growing internet usage and smartphone penetration. Victims include:

Students
Women
Professionals
Public figures
Businesses
Journalists
Government employees
Content creators
Influencers
Political activists

The most reported forms include:

Social Media Harassment

Harassment through:

Facebook
Instagram
TikTok
Messenger
WhatsApp
Telegram
X (Twitter)
YouTube comments

Fake Profile Creation

Offenders create fake accounts using another person’s:

Name
Photos
Personal information

Often to damage reputation or commit fraud.

Identity Theft

Stealing someone’s identity to:

Borrow money
Scam others
Defame the victim
Commit cyber fraud

Online Threats

Threats involving:

Physical harm
Death threats
Kidnapping
Sexual violence
Blackmail

Revenge Porn

Sharing intimate photographs or videos without consent. This is among the most serious forms of cybercrime affecting victims.

Cyberstalking

Repeated online monitoring including:

Constant messaging
Tracking activities
Monitoring locations
Fake accounts
Persistent unwanted contact

Laws Governing Cyberbullying in Nepal

Several laws regulate online offences.

1. Electronic Transactions Act, 2063 (ETA)

The Electronic Transactions Act remains Nepal’s principal cyber law.

The Act criminalises:

Publishing illegal digital content
Unauthorised access
Computer-related offences
Electronic fraud
Online abuse
Cyber defamation
Illegal electronic publications

Many online harassment complaints are investigated under this law.

2. National Penal Code

Depending on circumstances, offences may also involve:

Criminal intimidation
Defamation
Extortion
Criminal breach of privacy
Blackmail
Sexual harassment
Threats
Obscene publications

3. Privacy Laws

Unauthorised publication of:

Personal information
Private conversations
Photographs
Videos

may violate privacy protections under Nepalese law.

Cyberbullying Laws in Nepal: Punishment and How to Report

The punishment depends on:

Nature of offence
Intent
Evidence
Harm caused
Number of victims
Financial loss
Public impact

Possible legal consequences include:

Imprisonment
Monetary fines
Compensation
Removal of unlawful content
Criminal investigation
Court proceedings

Where multiple offences are committed together such as identity theft, blackmail, and online defamation—additional criminal charges may also apply under applicable Nepalese laws.

Punishment for Cyber Crime in Nepal

Punishments vary depending on the offence.

Examples include:

Online Defamation

Publishing false information that damages another person’s reputation may lead to criminal prosecution and civil liability.

Identity Theft

Using another person’s identity online for fraudulent purposes can attract criminal penalties.

Cyber Blackmail

Demanding money or favours by threatening to publish private information may result in serious criminal charges.

Revenge Pornography

Distributing intimate content without consent may result in criminal prosecution and compensation claims.

Hacking and Data Theft

Unauthorised access to computer systems, email accounts, or digital data may lead to imprisonment and fines.

Cyber Fraud

Online scams involving banking, digital wallets, cryptocurrency, or fake investments are punishable under Nepalese law.

Online Harassment & Defamation Law in Nepal

Defamation occurs when false statements are communicated to others that harm a person’s reputation.

Online defamation may occur through:

Facebook posts
TikTok videos
YouTube uploads
Blogs
News websites
Comments
Tweets
Fake reviews

A victim may pursue legal remedies where false statements cause measurable harm to reputation or livelihood.

Difference Between Criticism and Defamation

Not every negative comment is unlawful.

Generally:

Protected Expression

Honest opinion
Fair criticism
Public discussion
Genuine reviews
Truthful reporting

Potentially Illegal Conduct

False allegations
Fake accusations
Fabricated evidence
Malicious rumours
Knowingly spreading misinformation
Character assassination

Each case depends on its facts, evidence, and applicable law.

How to Report Online Harassment in Nepal

Victims should act promptly.

Step 1: Preserve Digital Evidence

Save:

Screenshots
Videos
Emails
URLs
Usernames
Phone numbers
Chat history
Voice recordings (where lawfully obtained)
Transaction details

Avoid altering or deleting the original material.

Step 2: Report to the Platform

Most platforms allow users to report:

Fake accounts
Harassment
Threats
Hate speech
Impersonation
Non-consensual intimate images

Step 3: File a Police Complaint

Victims may submit complaints to the relevant law enforcement authorities responsible for investigating cybercrime.

Include:

Identity documents
Evidence
Timeline
Suspect information
Witness details (if available)

Step 4: Consult a Cyber Crime Lawyer

Legal professionals can assist with:

Complaint drafting
Evidence review
Court proceedings
Compensation claims
Digital evidence preservation
Legal notices

Evidence Required in Cyber Harassment Cases

Strong evidence significantly improves legal outcomes.

Useful evidence includes:

Screenshots
Metadata
Emails
Device logs
URLs
Social media profiles
Chat exports
Phone records
Banking records
Digital forensic reports
Witness statements

Victims’ Legal Rights

Victims may have rights to seek:

Criminal investigation
Protection from continued harassment
Removal of unlawful content
Compensation where available under law
Privacy protection
Legal representation
Court remedies

The specific remedies available depend on the facts of the case and the applicable legislation.

Final Thoughts

Online harassment and cyberbullying can have significant legal, emotional, and social consequences. Nepal’s legal framework provides mechanisms to address a wide range of cyber offences, including online harassment, cyberbullying, identity theft, online defamation, blackmail, and privacy violations.

Individuals who experience such conduct should preserve digital evidence, report unlawful activity promptly, and seek legal advice where appropriate. Taking timely action not only strengthens a potential case but also helps protect digital rights, personal safety, and online reputation.

Is cyberbullying illegal in Nepal?

Yes. Certain forms of cyberbullying may constitute criminal offences under Nepalese law, depending on the conduct involved.

Can I file a complaint for Facebook harassment?

Yes, harassment conducted through Facebook or other digital platforms may be reported to the platform and, where appropriate, to law enforcement authorities.

What should I do if someone creates a fake Facebook account in my name?

Preserve evidence, report the account to the platform, and consider filing a complaint with the relevant authorities if the impersonation causes harm or is used for unlawful purposes.

Is online defamation punishable in Nepal?

Yes. False statements published online that unlawfully damage a person's reputation may result in legal action under applicable Nepalese laws.

Can WhatsApp threats be used as evidence?

Yes. Messages, screenshots, and related digital evidence may be relevant in legal proceedings if properly preserved.

What evidence should I collect?

Keep screenshots, URLs, chat histories, emails, account details, dates, times, and any other available digital records.

Can I claim compensation?

Depending on the facts, the applicable law, and the court's findings, compensation may be available in certain cases.

How long does a cybercrime investigation take?

The duration varies depending on the complexity of the case, the available evidence, and the investigation process.

Can anonymous accounts be traced?

In many cases, investigators may be able to identify anonymous users through lawful investigative methods, although success depends on the available evidence and technical factors.

INGO Registration in Nepal

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 14:02:35 +0000

INGO Registration Process in Nepal | SWC Approval Guide

This comprehensive guide explains everything about INGO registration process in Nepal, including the governing laws, required documents, legal obligations, compliance requirements, taxation and expert legal advice.

Introduction

International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) play a significant role in Nepal’s social, economic, humanitarian, educational, environmental, and health sectors. From disaster relief and poverty alleviation to education and women’s empowerment, INGOs collaborate with the Government of Nepal to implement development programmes nationwide.

What is an INGO?

An International Non-Governmental Organization (INGO) is a non-profit organisation established outside Nepal that operates internationally to promote humanitarian, educational, health, environmental, human rights, disaster relief, social development, and other public welfare initiatives.

Unlike local NGOs, INGOs receive funding from foreign sources and operate under agreements with the Government of Nepal.

Examples include organisations working in:

Education
Health
Child protection
Women empowerment
Climate change
Agriculture
Disaster response
Human rights
Community development

Difference Between an NGO and an INGO

NGO	INGO
Established in Nepal	Established outside Nepal
Registered under local laws	Operates through Government approval
Local funding or foreign funding	Primarily foreign funding
Governed by District Administration Office	Governed by Social Welfare Council and Government of Nepal
Operates inside Nepal	International operations including Nepal

Governing Laws for INGO Registration Process in Nepal

Several laws regulate the establishment and operation of INGOs in Nepal.

1. Social Welfare Act, 1992

This is the principal legislation governing INGOs operating in Nepal.

It authorises the Social Welfare Council (SWC) to coordinate, approve, monitor, and regulate INGOs.

2. Social Welfare Rules, 1993

These Rules prescribe:

Registration procedures
Project approval
Financial reporting
Monitoring requirements
Renewal procedures

3. Association Registration Act, 1977

Although INGOs are not directly registered under this Act, many local implementing partner NGOs operate under it.

4. National Integrity Policy

Projects involving foreign assistance must align with Nepal’s national development priorities.

5. Foreign Aid Mobilisation Policy

Foreign-funded projects require government approval and coordination.

6. Income Tax Act, 2002

INGOs must comply with Nepal’s taxation laws, withholding tax obligations, and financial reporting requirements.

7. Labour Act, 2017

Applies to employees hired by INGOs in Nepal.

8. Immigration Act

Foreign employees require:

Work visa
Non-tourist visa
Labour approvals

Authority Responsible for INGO Registration

The primary authority is the:

Social Welfare Council (SWC)

Additional government agencies may include:

Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Home Affairs
Department of Immigration
Inland Revenue Department
Relevant line ministries depending on project sector

Can an INGO Register Directly in Nepal?

No, an INGO cannot simply register like a local NGO.

Instead, it must:

Obtain Government approval
Sign a General Agreement with the Social Welfare Council
Obtain project approval
Comply with financial reporting and monitoring obligations

Eligibility Criteria

An organisation should generally:

Be legally incorporated in its home country
Be non-profit
Have humanitarian or development objectives
Demonstrate financial capability
Have international operational experience
Follow transparent governance standards

Documents Required for INGO Registration in Nepal

Typical documents include:

Certificate of Registration or Incorporation from the home country.
Approved Constitution, Charter, or By-laws.
Financial Commitment Letter (minimum annual funding of USD 200,000).
Detailed Concept Paper or Project Proposal.
Draft General Agreement in the prescribed SWC format.
Letter of Authorisation for agreement and registration matters.
Copy of the Country Director’s Citizenship (if applicable), Passport, Valid Visa, and Bio-data/CV.
Cover Letter addressed to the Social Welfare Council (SWC).
Proof of Reliable Funding Sources (demonstrating a minimum annual funding of USD 200,000).
Notarised English Translations of Charter or Registration Documents (if the originals are not in English).

Documents issued outside Nepal generally require notarisation and, where applicable, legalisation or apostille depending on the issuing country’s requirements and Nepal’s acceptance procedures.

Step-by-Step INGO Registration Process in Nepal

Step 1: Develop a Project Proposal

Prepare a detailed proposal including:

Objectives
Activities
Budget
Timeline
Expected outcomes
Geographic coverage
Beneficiaries

Step 2: Identify Government Counterparts

Depending on the project sector, approvals may involve relevant ministries.

Examples include:

Health
Education
Agriculture
Environment
Local Government

Step 3: Submit Application to Social Welfare Council

Submit:

Application
Supporting documents
Project proposal
Organisation profile

Step 4: Government Review

Authorities examine:

Organisational background
Financial transparency
Project feasibility
Alignment with national priorities
Source of funding

Step 5: Due Diligence

Government agencies may verify:

Organisational credibility
Previous international projects
Governance structure
Donor information

Step 6: General Agreement

Upon approval, the INGO signs a General Agreement with the Social Welfare Council.

This agreement outlines:

Scope of work
Reporting obligations
Financial compliance
Project implementation standards
Monitoring arrangements

Step 7: Project Agreement

Individual projects generally require separate approvals before implementation.

Step 8: Begin Operations

Once approvals are completed, the INGO may:

Recruit employees
Open project offices
Import project equipment (where permitted)
Implement approved programmes

Registration Timeline

Depending on project complexity and government approvals, registration and project approval can take several months. Timelines vary based on documentation quality, sector, and inter-agency review.

Common Challenges During INGO Registration

Many organisations face delays due to:

Incomplete documentation
Weak project proposals
Funding inconsistencies
Delayed ministry approvals
Missing legal certifications
Poor compliance planning

Working with experienced legal professionals helps minimise these issues.

Benefits of INGO Registration in Nepal

An approved INGO can:

Implement development projects
Partner with government agencies
Collaborate with local NGOs
Receive foreign funding lawfully
Conduct humanitarian programmes
Support sustainable development initiatives
Build long-term institutional partnerships.

Conclusion

Establishing an INGO in Nepal requires careful legal planning, comprehensive documentation, and compliance with the country’s regulatory framework. By following the prescribed registration process, aligning projects with national priorities, and maintaining transparent governance, international organisations can successfully contribute to Nepal’s long-term social and economic development.

For organisations planning humanitarian or development projects in Nepal, obtaining professional legal assistance can simplify the registration process, reduce administrative delays, and support ongoing compliance throughout the organisation’s operations.

What is the INGO registration process in Nepal?

The process generally includes preparing a project proposal, submitting an application to the Social Welfare Council with supporting documents, obtaining government approvals, signing a General Agreement, securing project approval, and meeting ongoing reporting and compliance obligations.

Which type of NGO registration is best?

There is no single "best" registration type. Local organisations generally register as NGOs under Nepal's domestic legal framework, while foreign non-profit organisations operate as INGOs through approval and agreements with the Government of Nepal. The appropriate structure depends on where the organisation is established and the nature of its activities.

How many NGOs and INGOs are there in Nepal?

Nepal has tens of thousands of registered NGOs and hundreds of INGOs operating across sectors such as health, education, disaster response, governance, agriculture, and community development. The exact number changes over time as organisations register, renew, merge, or cease operations.

What is NGO and INGO?

An NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) is an independent non-profit organisation established to serve public interests within a country. An INGO (International Non-Governmental Organization) is a non-profit organisation established outside Nepal that operates internationally and works in Nepal through government approval.

Can a foreign organisation directly register as an NGO in Nepal?

No, foreign organisations generally operate as INGOs through approvals and agreements with the Government of Nepal rather than registering as domestic NGOs.

How long does INGO registration take?

The duration depends on the completeness of the application, project complexity, inter-agency review, and government approvals. It often takes several months.

Is registration with the Social Welfare Council mandatory?

Yes, INGOs undertaking development or social welfare activities in Nepal generally require approval and coordination through the Social Welfare Council.

What documents are required for INGO registration?

Common requirements include incorporation documents, governing documents, audited financial statements, annual reports, project proposals, board resolutions, funding commitments, and proof of legal status in the organisation's home country.

Appointment of a Company Secretary in Nepal

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP NEPAL — Tue, 21 Jul 2026 08:02:53 +0000

Appointment of a Company Secretary in Nepal (2026)

A. Background:

The Companies Act, 2063 (2006) (the “Act”) provides for the mandatory appointment of Company Secretary in Nepal. However, in practice, the Office of the Company Registrar (“OCR”) did not strictly enforce this requirement. Beginning in Fiscal Year 2083/84, the OCR has started treating the appointment of a Company Secretary as a mandatory compliance obligation.

B. Which company must appoint a Company Secretary?

Pursuant to the Act, the following entities must appoint a Company Secretary:

Every public company.
Every private company with paid-up capital exceeding NPR 10 million (one crore rupees).

A non-profit distributing company may appoint a Company Secretary at its discretion, though it is not obligated to do so.

C. What are the qualifications of a Company Secretary?

A Nepalese citizen is eligible for appointment as Company Secretary if he or she meets either of the following criteria:

Holds a professional certificate in Company Secretaryship from a domestic or foreign institution recognized under prevailing law, along with at least two years of relevant experience; or
Holds at least a Bachelor’s degree in Law, Management, Commerce, or Economics, along with at least three years of experience in a relevant field or in company management.

D. Who is disqualified from appointment as a Company Secretary?

A director of the company may not also serve as its Company Secretary.
A person may not serve as Company Secretary of more than one company at the same time, except that the Company Secretary of a holding company may also serve as Company Secretary of its subsidiary.

E. What happens if the position of the Company Secretary becomes vacant?

If the position of the Company Secretary is vacant, or if the incumbent is unable or fails to perform any duty required under the Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, the Companies Act, or prevailing law, the Board of Directors may designate a qualified employee of the company to perform that duty in the capacity of Company Secretary.

F. What documentation is required for the appointment of a Company Secretary?

Copy of the Nepalese citizenship certificate;
Board of Directors’ resolutions approving the appointment;
Copy of the professional certificate in Company Secretaryship together with an experience letter evidencing at least two years of relevant experience;
Copies of academic certificates evidencing the required educational qualification;
Details of the Company Secretary; and
Company Secretary Registry.

G. Which corporate authority is responsible for appointing a Company Secretary?

The Board of Directors is responsible for appointing a Company Secretary and must select a person who meets the qualifications prescribed under the Companies Act.

H. What are the responsibilities of the Company Secretary?

Implement or cause to be implemented the decisions of the Board of Directors and the General Meeting.
Ensure compliance with directions issued by the Office of the Company Registrar and other competent authorities.
Submit statutory returns, documents, and other filings required under the Companies Act and prevailing law within the prescribed time.
Convene meetings of the Board of Directors and General Meetings, prepare agendas, and issue the required notices
Maintain and authenticate the company’s records, resolutions, and statutory registers.
Administer matters relating to shares and debentures, including allotment, transfer, transmission, pledge, and mortgage.
Facilitate communication among the company, its shareholders, debenture holders, the Board of Directors, and competent authorities.
Perform other functions as prescribed under the Companies Act, the Memorandum of Association, the Articles of Association, and prevailing law.

I. When must the appointment of a Company Secretary be filed with the OCR?

The company is required to file the details of the appointment of the Company Secretary to the OCR within 15 days of the appointment.

MOKSHA LEGAL GROUP

Educational Consultancy License in Nepal

Educational Consultancy License in Nepal: New Rules, 2083

1. Mandatory Requirement of Educational Consultancy License in Nepal:

2. Process to obtaining an Educational Consultancy License in Nepal

3. Information and documents required for an educational consultancy license

4. Fees and Bank Guarantee

5. Validity and Renewal of the License

6. Qualification of the Educational Counsellors

Minimum Standards for an Educational Consultancy

8. Terms and Conditions for Licensed Consultancies

9. Requirement of the written Agreement with Students

10. Compliances after getting the License

11. Grounds for Cancellation of the License

12. Transitional Provisions

Who needs an Educational Consultancy License in Nepal?

Who issues the license?

How much is the bank guarantee?

How long is the license valid?

Is foreign investment allowed in an educational consultancy in Nepal?

Can a consultancy accept cash payments from students?

Direct Selling License in Nepal

Obtaining Direct Selling License in Nepal

1. Introduction

2. Governing Authority

3. Mandatory Requirement of a License

4. Process of Obtaining a Direct Selling License in Nepal

4.1 Before Filing the Application for the Direct Selling License in Nepal

4.2 Filing the Application for the License

5. Requirements for a Direct Selling License in Nepal

5.1 Capital Requirement

5.2 Physical Infrastructure Requirement

5.3 Commission, Bonus, Service Fees and Facilities

5.4 Sale or Distribution of Domestic and Foreign Goods

5.5 Insurance

5.6 Training for Direct Sellers or Distributors

5.7 Consumer Awareness Programs

5.8 Social Security Arrangements

5.9 Transactions via Electronic Platform

5.10 Submission of Agreements to the DOCSCP

6. Goods Not Eligible for Direct Selling or Distribution

7. Documents Required For Obtaining Direct Selling License in Nepal

8. Responsibilities of the Licensee

9. Validity and Renewal of the License

10. Government Fees and Bank Guarantee

11. Transfer or Change of Ownership

12. Prohibition on Pyramid-Based Schemes

Vehicle Assembly Business in Nepal through Foreign Direct Investment

Vehicle Assembly Business in Nepal through Foreign Direct Investment ("FDI")

1. Governing Laws for Vehicle Assembly Business in Nepal

2. Procedure for Establishing a Vehicle Assembly Business in Nepal

3. Key Conditions for Vehicle Assembly Industry in Nepal

4. Minimum Capital Requirement

5. Timeline for Establishment

Minimum Remuneration in Nepal

Minimum Remuneration in Nepal: Minimum Wage in Nepal | Minimum Basic Salary in Nepal (2082–2084)

Minimum remuneration in Nepal for labors other than tea-estate labors

2. Minimum remuneration for labors employed at tea estates

3. Remuneration Increment and time interval.

4. Calculation of the Basic Remuneration:

Adoption Process in Nepal by Nepali Nationality

Child Adoption Process in Nepal by Nepali Nationality

Introduction

2. Governing Laws

3. Eligibility of the Adopter

4. Non-Eligibility of the Adopter

5. Eligibility of the Adoptee

6. Joint Eligibility of Adopter and Adoptee

7. Consent Required for Adoption

8. Process of Child Adoption in Nepal by Nepali Nationality

9. Document Requirements

10. Entitlements and Rights of an Adoptee

11. Obligations of the Adopter

12. Obligations of the Adoptee

Real Estate License in Nepal

Real Estate License in Nepal | Nepal Real Estate License Requirements for House & Land Transaction Service Providers

A. Introduction

B. Governing Authority

C. Governing Laws

D. Procedure for Obtaining a Real Estate License in Nepal